Apart from intelligence tests, research relied on measurements such as brain size or reaction times. In the late 19th and early 20th century, group differences in intelligence were often assumed to be racial in nature. Pseudoscientific claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have played a central role in the history of scientific racism. Today, the scientific consensus is that genetics does not explain differences in IQ test performance between racial groups. Since the beginning of IQ testing around the time of World War I, there have been observed differences between the average scores of different population groups, and there have been debates over whether this is mainly due to environmental and cultural factors, or mainly due to some as yet undiscovered genetic factor, or whether such a dichotomy between environmental and genetic factors is the appropriate framing of the debate. The history of the race and intelligence controversy concerns the historical development of a debate about possible explanations of group differences encountered in the study of race and intelligence.
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